Object
- StdRandom

```
public final class StdRandom
extends Object
```
The StdRandom class provides static methods for generating random number from various discrete and continuous distributions, including uniform, Bernoulli, geometric, Gaussian, exponential, Pareto, Poisson, and Cauchy. It also provides method for shuffling an array or subarray and generating random permutations.
Conventions. By convention, all intervals are half open. For example, uniformDouble(-1.0, 1.0) returns a random number between -1.0 (inclusive) and 1.0 (exclusive). Similarly, shuffle(a, lo, hi) shuffles the hi - lo elements in the array a[], starting at index lo (inclusive) and ending at index hi (exclusive).
Performance. The methods all take constant expected time, except those that involve arrays. The shuffle method takes time linear in the subarray to be shuffled; the discrete methods take time linear in the length of the argument array.
Additional information. For additional documentation, see Section 2.2 of Computer Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.

Author:

Robert Sedgewick, Kevin Wayne

Method Summary

All Methods Static Methods Concrete Methods
Modifier and Type	Method	Description
`static boolean`	`bernoulli()`	Returns a random boolean from a Bernoulli distribution with success probability 1/2.
`static boolean`	`bernoulli(double p)`	Returns a random boolean from a Bernoulli distribution with success probability p.
`static double`	`cauchy()`	Returns a random real number from the Cauchy distribution.
`static int`	`discrete(double[] probabilities)`	Returns a random integer from the specified discrete distribution.
`static int`	`discrete(int[] frequencies)`	Returns a random integer from the specified discrete distribution.
`static double`	`exponential(double lambda)`	Returns a random real number from an exponential distribution with rate λ.
`static double`	`gaussian()`	Returns a random real number from a standard Gaussian distribution.
`static double`	`gaussian(double mu, double sigma)`	Returns a random real number from a Gaussian distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ.
`static int`	`geometric(double p)`	Returns a random integer from a geometric distribution with success probability p.
`static long`	`getSeed()`	Returns the seed of the pseudo-random number generator.
`static void`	`main(String[] args)`	Unit tests the methods in this class.
`static double`	`pareto()`	Returns a random real number from the standard Pareto distribution.
`static double`	`pareto(double alpha)`	Returns a random real number from a Pareto distribution with shape parameter α.
`static int[]`	`permutation(int n)`	Returns a uniformly random permutation of n elements.
`static int[]`	`permutation(int n, int k)`	Returns a uniformly random permutation of k of n elements.
`static int`	`poisson(double lambda)`	Returns a random integer from a Poisson distribution with mean λ.
`static void`	`setSeed(long s)`	Sets the seed of the pseudo-random number generator.
`static void`	`shuffle(char[] a)`	Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
`static void`	`shuffle(double[] a)`	Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
`static void`	`shuffle(double[] a, int lo, int hi)`	Rearranges the elements of the specified subarray in uniformly random order.
`static void`	`shuffle(int[] a)`	Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
`static void`	`shuffle(int[] a, int lo, int hi)`	Rearranges the elements of the specified subarray in uniformly random order.
`static void`	`shuffle(Object[] a)`	Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
`static void`	`shuffle(Object[] a, int lo, int hi)`	Rearranges the elements of the specified subarray in uniformly random order.
`static double`	`uniformDouble()`	Returns a random real number uniformly in [0, 1).
`static double`	`uniformDouble(double a, double b)`	Returns a random real number uniformly in [a, b).
`static int`	`uniformInt(int n)`	Returns a random integer uniformly in [0, n).
`static int`	`uniformInt(int a, int b)`	Returns a random integer uniformly in [a, b).
`static long`	`uniformLong(long n)`	Returns a random long integer uniformly in [0, n).

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
clone, equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

- Method Detail
  - setSeed
```
public static void setSeed(long s)
```
    Sets the seed of the pseudo-random number generator. This method enables you to produce the same sequence of "random" number for each execution of the program. Ordinarily, you should call this method at most once per program.
    
    Parameters:
    
    s - the seed
  - getSeed
```
public static long getSeed()
```
    Returns the seed of the pseudo-random number generator.
    
    Returns:
    
    the seed
  - uniformDouble
```
public static double uniformDouble()
```
    Returns a random real number uniformly in [0, 1).
    
    Returns:
    
    a random real number uniformly in [0, 1)
  - uniformInt
```
public static int uniformInt(int n)
```
    Returns a random integer uniformly in [0, n).
    
    Parameters:
    
    n - number of possible integers
    
    Returns:
    
    a random integer uniformly between 0 (inclusive) and n (exclusive)
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if n <= 0
  - uniformLong
```
public static long uniformLong(long n)
```
    Returns a random long integer uniformly in [0, n).
    
    Parameters:
    
    n - number of possible long integers
    
    Returns:
    
    a random long integer uniformly between 0 (inclusive) and n (exclusive)
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if n <= 0
  - uniformInt
```
public static int uniformInt(int a,
                             int b)
```
    Returns a random integer uniformly in [a, b).
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the left endpoint
    
    b - the right endpoint
    
    Returns:
    
    a random integer uniformly in [a, b)
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if b <= a
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if b - a >= Integer.MAX_VALUE
  - uniformDouble
```
public static double uniformDouble(double a,
                                   double b)
```
    Returns a random real number uniformly in [a, b).
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the left endpoint
    
    b - the right endpoint
    
    Returns:
    
    a random real number uniformly in [a, b)
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless a < b
  - bernoulli
```
public static boolean bernoulli(double p)
```
    Returns a random boolean from a Bernoulli distribution with success probability p.
    
    Parameters:
    
    p - the probability of returning true
    
    Returns:
    
    true with probability p and false with probability 1 - p
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless 0 ≤ p ≤ 1.0
  - bernoulli
```
public static boolean bernoulli()
```
    Returns a random boolean from a Bernoulli distribution with success probability 1/2.
    
    Returns:
    
    true with probability 1/2 and false with probability 1/2
  - gaussian
```
public static double gaussian()
```
    Returns a random real number from a standard Gaussian distribution.
    
    Returns:
    
    a random real number from a standard Gaussian distribution (mean 0 and standard deviation 1).
  - gaussian
```
public static double gaussian(double mu,
                              double sigma)
```
    Returns a random real number from a Gaussian distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ.
    
    Parameters:
    
    mu - the mean
    
    sigma - the standard deviation
    
    Returns:
    
    a real number distributed according to the Gaussian distribution with mean mu and standard deviation sigma
  - geometric
```
public static int geometric(double p)
```
    Returns a random integer from a geometric distribution with success probability p. The integer represents the number of independent trials before the first success.
    
    Parameters:
    
    p - the parameter of the geometric distribution
    
    Returns:
    
    a random integer from a geometric distribution with success probability p; or Integer.MAX_VALUE if p is (nearly) equal to 1.0.
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless p >= 0.0 and p <= 1.0
  - poisson
```
public static int poisson(double lambda)
```
    Returns a random integer from a Poisson distribution with mean λ.
    
    Parameters:
    
    lambda - the mean of the Poisson distribution
    
    Returns:
    
    a random integer from a Poisson distribution with mean lambda
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless lambda > 0.0 and not infinite
  - pareto
```
public static double pareto()
```
    Returns a random real number from the standard Pareto distribution.
    
    Returns:
    
    a random real number from the standard Pareto distribution
  - pareto
```
public static double pareto(double alpha)
```
    Returns a random real number from a Pareto distribution with shape parameter α.
    
    Parameters:
    
    alpha - shape parameter
    
    Returns:
    
    a random real number from a Pareto distribution with shape parameter alpha
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless alpha > 0.0
  - cauchy
```
public static double cauchy()
```
    Returns a random real number from the Cauchy distribution.
    
    Returns:
    
    a random real number from the Cauchy distribution.
  - discrete
```
public static int discrete(double[] probabilities)
```
    Returns a random integer from the specified discrete distribution.
    
    Parameters:
    
    probabilities - the probability of occurrence of each integer
    
    Returns:
    
    a random integer from a discrete distribution: i with probability probabilities[i]
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if probabilities is null
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if sum of array entries is not (very nearly) equal to 1.0
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless probabilities[i] >= 0.0 for each index i
  - discrete
```
public static int discrete(int[] frequencies)
```
    Returns a random integer from the specified discrete distribution.
    
    Parameters:
    
    frequencies - the frequency of occurrence of each integer
    
    Returns:
    
    a random integer from a discrete distribution: i with probability proportional to frequencies[i]
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if frequencies is null
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if all array entries are 0
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if frequencies[i] is negative for any index i
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if sum of frequencies exceeds Integer.MAX_VALUE (2³¹ - 1)
  - exponential
```
public static double exponential(double lambda)
```
    Returns a random real number from an exponential distribution with rate λ.
    
    Parameters:
    
    lambda - the rate of the exponential distribution
    
    Returns:
    
    a random real number from an exponential distribution with rate lambda
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless lambda > 0.0
  - shuffle
```
public static void shuffle(Object[] a)
```
    Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the array to shuffle
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if a is null
  - shuffle
```
public static void shuffle(double[] a)
```
    Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the array to shuffle
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if a is null
  - shuffle
```
public static void shuffle(int[] a)
```
    Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the array to shuffle
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if a is null
  - shuffle
```
public static void shuffle(char[] a)
```
    Rearranges the elements of the specified array in uniformly random order.
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the array to shuffle
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if a is null
  - shuffle
```
public static void shuffle(Object[] a,
                           int lo,
                           int hi)
```
    Rearranges the elements of the specified subarray in uniformly random order.
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the array to shuffle
    
    lo - the left endpoint (inclusive)
    
    hi - the right endpoint (exclusive)
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if a is null
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless (0 <= lo) && (lo < hi) && (hi <= a.length)
  - shuffle
```
public static void shuffle(double[] a,
                           int lo,
                           int hi)
```
    Rearranges the elements of the specified subarray in uniformly random order.
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the array to shuffle
    
    lo - the left endpoint (inclusive)
    
    hi - the right endpoint (exclusive)
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if a is null
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless (0 <= lo) && (lo < hi) && (hi <= a.length)
  - shuffle
```
public static void shuffle(int[] a,
                           int lo,
                           int hi)
```
    Rearranges the elements of the specified subarray in uniformly random order.
    
    Parameters:
    
    a - the array to shuffle
    
    lo - the left endpoint (inclusive)
    
    hi - the right endpoint (exclusive)
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if a is null
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless (0 <= lo) && (lo < hi) && (hi <= a.length)
  - permutation
```
public static int[] permutation(int n)
```
    Returns a uniformly random permutation of n elements.
    
    Parameters:
    
    n - number of elements
    
    Returns:
    
    an array of length n that is a uniformly random permutation of 0, 1, ..., n-1
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if n is negative
  - permutation
```
public static int[] permutation(int n,
                                int k)
```
    Returns a uniformly random permutation of k of n elements.
    
    Parameters:
    
    n - number of elements
    
    k - number of elements to select
    
    Returns:
    
    an array of length k that is a uniformly random permutation of k of the elements from 0, 1, ..., n-1
    
    Throws:
    
    IllegalArgumentException - if n is negative
    
    IllegalArgumentException - unless 0 <= k <= n
  - main
```
public static void main(String[] args)
```
    Unit tests the methods in this class.
    
    Parameters:
    
    args - the command-line arguments

Class StdRandom

Method Summary

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

Method Detail

setSeed

getSeed

uniformDouble

uniformInt

uniformLong

uniformInt

uniformDouble

bernoulli

bernoulli

gaussian

gaussian

geometric

poisson

pareto

pareto

cauchy

discrete

discrete

exponential

shuffle

shuffle

shuffle

shuffle

shuffle

shuffle

shuffle

permutation

permutation

main