/******************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac Stack.java
 *  Execution:    java Stack < input.txt
 *  Data files:   https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/43stack/tobe.txt
 *
 *  A generic stack, implemented using a linked list. Each stack
 *  element is of type Item.
 *
 *  % more tobe.txt
 *  to be or not to - be - - that - - - is
 *
 *  % java Stack < tobe.txt
 *  to be not that or be (2 left on stack)
 *
 ******************************************************************************/

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;


/**
 *  The {@code Stack} class represents a last-in-first-out (LIFO) stack of generic items.
 *  It supports the usual <em>push</em> and <em>pop</em> operations, along with methods
 *  for peeking at the top item, testing if the stack is empty, getting the number of
 *  items in the stack, and iterating over the items in LIFO order.
 *  <p>
 *  This implementation uses a singly-linked list with a nested class for
 *  linked-list nodes.
 *  The <em>push</em>, <em>pop</em>, <em>peek</em>, <em>size</em>, and <em>is-empty</em>
 *  operations all take constant time in the worst case.
 *  <p>
 *  For additional documentation,
 *  see <a href="https://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/43stack">Section 4.3</a> of
 *  <i>Computer Science: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i>
 *  by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *
 *  @author Robert Sedgewick
 *  @author Kevin Wayne
 *
 *  @param <Item> the generic type of each item in this stack
 */
public class Stack<Item> implements Iterable<Item> {
    private int n;          // size of the stack
    private Node first;     // top of stack

    // helper linked list class
    private class Node {
        private Item item;
        private Node next;
    }

   /**
     * Initializes an empty stack.
     */
    public Stack() {
        first = null;
        n = 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this stack is empty.
     *
     * @return true if this stack is empty; false otherwise
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return first == null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of items in this stack.
     *
     * @return the number of items in this stack
     */
    public int size() {
        return n;
    }

    /**
     * Adds the item to this stack.
     *
     * @param  item the item to add
     */
    public void push(Item item) {
        Node oldfirst = first;
        first = new Node();
        first.item = item;
        first.next = oldfirst;
        n++;
    }

    /**
     * Removes and returns the item most recently added to this stack.
     *
     * @return the item most recently added
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this stack is empty
     */
    public Item pop() {
        if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Stack underflow");
        Item item = first.item;        // save item to return
        first = first.next;            // delete first node
        n--;
        return item;                   // return the saved item
    }


    /**
     * Returns (but does not remove) the item most recently added to this stack.
     *
     * @return the item most recently added to this stack
     * @throws NoSuchElementException if this stack is empty
     */
    public Item peek() {
        if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException("Stack underflow");
        return first.item;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a string representation of this stack.
     *
     * @return the sequence of items in this stack in LIFO order, separated by spaces
     */
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
        for (Item item : this) {
            s.append(item);
            s.append(' ');
        }
        return s.toString();
    }


    /**
     * Returns an iterator to this stack that iterates through the items in LIFO order.
     *
     * @return an iterator to this stack that iterates through the items in LIFO order
     */
    public Iterator<Item> iterator()  { return new ListIterator();  }

    // an iterator, doesn't implement remove() since it's optional
    private class ListIterator implements Iterator<Item> {
        private Node current = first;
        public boolean hasNext()  { return current != null;                     }
        public void remove()      { throw new UnsupportedOperationException();  }

        public Item next() {
            if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Item item = current.item;
            current = current.next;
            return item;
        }
    }


    /**
     * Unit tests the {@code Stack} data type.
     *
     * @param args the command-line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
        while (!StdIn.isEmpty()) {
            String item = StdIn.readString();
            if (!item.equals("-")) stack.push(item);
            else if (!stack.isEmpty()) StdOut.print(stack.pop() + " ");
        }
        StdOut.println("(" + stack.size() + " left on stack)");
    }
}