Write a program to generate sound waves, apply an echo filter to an MP3 file, and plot the waves.

A crash course in sound. A music note can be characterized by its frequency of oscillation. For example, the music note concert A is a sine wave repeated 440 times per second (440 Hz); the note C is a sine wave repeated approximately 523.25 times per second. We amplify the signal to an audible level by multiplying it by a constant, say 0.8. Below are pictures of an A and a C with duration 15 milliseconds and amplitude 0.8. The picture for A consists of 0.015 × 440 = 6.6 sine waves.

Below is a table containing the frequencies in Hertz of all twelve musical notes in the fifth octave. The ratio between the frequency of successive notes is the 12th root of two (1.05946). An octave is a doubling or halving of the frequency. For reference, the normal range of human hearing is between 20 and 20,000 Hz.

Digital audio. Digital audio is produced by sampling the instantaneous amplitude of the continuous sound wave many times a second. Each sample is a real number between -1 and +1 that represents the amplitude of the sound wave at a particular instant in time. The sampling rate is the number of samples taken per second. Audio from CDs typically uses a sampling rate of 44,100 and two channels (left and right). Below is a picture of an A using a sampling rate of 44,100 and a duration of approximately 1/440th of a second. The figure below displays every 10th sample.

The following arrays contain the values representing the height of the wave above, at a sampling rate of 44,100:

left  = { 0, .0501, .1000, .1495, .1985, .2466, .2938, .3399, .3846, .4277, .4693, ..., -.0113 }
right = { 0, .0501, .1000, .1495, .1985, .2466, .2938, .3399, .3846, .4277, .4693, ..., -.0113 }

Sound synthesis. Your first task is to create a data type Wave to store and manipulate sound wave samples so that the program A.java below plays concert A for 2 seconds with maximum amplitude 0.8. Similarly, FurElise.java plays the first nine notes of Fur Elise.

public class A { public static void main(String[] args) { StdPlayer.open(); Wave A = new Wave(440.0, 2.0, .8); A.play(); StdPlayer.close(); System.exit(0); } }

For this part of the assignment, you need to write a data type Wave to initialize and access the data. Implement the samples for the left and right channels using two arrays of type double[]. First, implement the constructor

public Wave(double Hz, double seconds, double amplitude)

public void play()

Compilation and execution. In order to play music on your computer, you will need to use a specialized library. Download the file stdplayer.jar and put in your working directory. A .jar file is an archive like a .zip file, but there is no need to unzip it or peek inside this one unless you are extremely curious. This library is a modified version of the JavaLayer 1.0 MP3 Player. (As per the GPL license, the jar file contains the original JavaLayer library and our modified source code.) To test the library on your system, use the JavaLayer Player that comes with stdplayer.jar by typing the following command:

java -cp stdplayer.jar javazoom.jl.player.jlp felten.mp3

import javazoom.jl.player.StdPlayer;

Creating a tune. Now that you can play single notes, your next challenge is to play several notes at once, for example, to play a chord. To accomplish this, first add a new constructor

public Wave (double[] left, double[] right)

public Wave plus(Wave b)

Wave B6 = new Wave(493.88 * 2, .4, .4); Wave Gs4 = new Wave(830.61 / 2, .4, .4); Wave GsB = B6.plus(Gs4);

Playing an MP3 file. The program MP3Player.java decodes the MP3 file specified by the command line input and plays it. Assuming that you implemented the Wave API above, there is no need to write any code for this part (but you should test it and enjoy). Compile and execute the program with the following commands.

javac -cp .;stdplayer.jar MP3Player.java
java  -cp .;stdplayer.jar MP3Player felten.mp3

StdPlayer.open(args[0]); while (!StdPlayer.isEmpty()) { double[] left = StdPlayer.getLeftChannel(); double[] right = StdPlayer.getRightChannel(); Wave w = new Wave(left, right); w.play(); }

Echo filter. Now that you can decode and play MP3 files, you're ready to modify the data and change the characteristics of the sound waves. An analog filter accomplishes this by manipulating the electrical signals that represent the sound wave; a digital filter does this by manipulating the digital data that represents that Wave. Your task is to write a program EchoFilter.java that implements a digital echo filter. An echo filter of delay 10 is a filter that adds an echo to the sound by adding the sound wave at time t - 10 to the one at time t. To create this effect, maintain an array of the past 10 Wave objects and add the Wave that was originally read 10 waves ago to the current Wave. The echo filter is a client program and should be written entirely in EchoFilter.java. To test the filter, you can use pearlharbor.mp3 which contains the speech President Roosevelt delivered after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Plotting the waves. The final part of the assignment is to write a program MP3Viewer.java that takes the name of an MP3 file as a command line argument and animates both stereo channels. This program is not supposed to play the MP3 file, only to animate the sound waves. Add the following method to Wave.java to plot the left channel on the top half of the screen, and the right channel on the bottom half:

public void draw()

Deliverables. Submit Wave.java, EchoFilter.java, and MP3Viewer.java along with a readme.txt file.

Challenge for the bored. Write a program MP3Visualizer.java that plays the MP3 file and simultaneously displays a cool effect based on the raw data. To keep the music and animation smooth, you may need to tweak a few parameters. For example, adjust the delay in the method StdDraw.show() to keep the wave from scrolling by too fast. Also, try plotting every other wave if your computer is too slow.